Rotation 4 – Rotation Reflection

My prior rotations before this one was very problem/specialty-focused. From working in an urgent care, to psychiatry, to OBGYN, I was used to focusing on specific aspects of a patient’s complaint. Starting in my Family Medicine rotation at Amazing Medical Services was a shocking experience. I was initially faced with needing to learn how to navigate the EMR, and getting used to triaging the patients. I was unfamiliar identifying and addressing patients’ every medical issue, all in one visit. With time constraints from other patients waiting, I felt very pressured to speed up the encounters. It was hard to be through, ask everything needed to be asked, educate on whatever needed teachings, and document all that was done. 

There was always this goal of mine to never become one of those providers who spent most of their time looking at the computer, and not making eye contact with the patients. However, with the detailed EMRs these days, this goal was hard to achieve. I tried my best to have seconds straight of just talking to the patients to establish rapport, and also take moments to look up from the computer when documenting. As a student, I already felt that there were so many responsibilities on my end for documentation, from beginning to end. Oftentimes, the patient charts were not complete by the end of the patient encounter, so I would need to go back and edit them during my downtime. I could not even imagine the stress as the actual provider, since I knew that my preceptor would need to put in additional time to review my notes, and fill in the rest.

I had challenges with managing patients with multiple comorbidities or issues. For example, if a patient with hypertension, diabetes, anemia, and ankle pain came into the clinic, the HPI was to reflect each complaint with the accompanying details. Especially in hypertension and diabetes, there are so many things to consider in health management of the patients (ie: medication adherence, signs and symptoms, BP/glucose readings at home, etc.). It was hard to guide the interviews to obtain the necessary information, especially when the patients went off on tangents, or when the patients are unreliable historians. To deal with this, I had to be more direct with my questions, and gently redirect conversations.

This specialty also had a vast amount of topics that needed to be addressed. From educating on medication adherence, to managing blood pressure or blood sugar, reviewing labs and comparing them to previous labs, to proper dieting and exercise counseling; this was all new to me. It was hard to properly perform all of these tasks in the allotted time, but I knew it was necessary to have documentation in case of any possibility of outside parties reviewing them. I would wonder, would they understand the challenges associated, or would they simply wonder why a box was left unchecked on the EMR.

Prior to PA school, I worked as a Medical Assistant in an Internal Medicine clinic. From my experience at this rotation, I have a newfound respect for the specialty. To be able to see the internal workings and sample being a primary provider, I see that there is an endless amount of responsibility. We hold to power, as the first line, to maintain our patient’s health, educate them, and lead them in the right direction.

Rotation 4 – Site Visit Summary

For my site evaluation, it was with two other students, one on their Family Medicine rotation like me, and the other on Ambulatory Care. They presented their H&Ps first. The one that stood out to me was about a patient who presented with testicular pain. The history and findings were a classic presentation of epididymitis: young, had unprotected sex, and alleviation on elevation of testicle. I had presented on a patient I saw who complained of heat-intolerance, where she would be hot in the winters, as well as in an air-conditioned rooms. She also admitted to increased hunger, which increased my suspicion for hyperthyroidism, but denied weight loss. My preceptor had decided to test for the patients TSH levels.

At the evaluation, we had also presented on journal articles. I had covered an article that discussed the incidence of rosacea in alcohol consumption. There was a “dose dependent” relationship between the variables. It was also interesting that white wine and liquor were found to have the greatest risk of developing rosasea.

Rotation 4 – Journal Article

Alcohol intake and risk of incident rosacea in US women
Suyun Li, PhD candidate1, Eunyoung Cho, ScD2,3,4, Aaron M. Drucker, MD2, Abrar A. Qureshi, MD, MPH2,3,4, and Wen-Qing Li, PhD2,3
J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017 June ; 76(6): 1061–1067.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.02.040.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5438297/pdf/nihms855205.pdf

             Last week I had encountered a 33yo female patient who came in complaining of new face redness ever since she started drinking red wine a month ago. She had noticed it present when she drinks, and absent when she stops. The doctor had rosacea on her differential list. I wanted to find an article that discussed the incidence of rosacea in women who drink alcohol. I found an article titled “Alcohol intake and risk of incident rosacea in US women” and published in the Journal of American Academy of Dermatology.

            This article had studied 82,737 women from Nurses’ Health Study II cohort, between the years 1991-2005. Women’s data was analyzed, including the alcohol intake, every 4 years. After 14 years of data, 4945 cases of rosacea were identified. A significantly elevated risk of rosacea cases were seen in the drinkers compared to the non-drinkers, with a P-value  <0.0001. There was also a linear trend in the “dose-response relationship between alcohol intake and risk of incident rosacea”. The types of alcohol consumed was also studied, discovering that white wine had increased associated with risk of rosacea, with a P-value <0.0001, and liquor, with P-value of <0.0006. There was no effect found in smokers and risk of rosacea, with P-value ~0.61.

            The relationship between alcohol intake and rosacea can be explained by a few concepts. Alcohol causes peripheral vasodilation, which also plays an effect on the immune system having pro-inflammatory effects. Alcohol can induce catecholamine release, leading to bradykinin vasodilation seen in the face; as well as increase the amount of cytokines produced. This can lead to the flushing and redness observed in patients with rosacea.

Rotation 3 – Rotation Reflection

What was a memorable patient or experience that I’ll carry with me?

There was a 19 year-old female patient who came in complaining of a “cyst” at her vulva. She said that she has had a history of getting them, and the most recent episode was a month before, where she had to get it drained at a hospital. This time, the affected area was at a different location; extended from the left side of the mons pubis, down to the middle of the vulva, and had developed an abscess. Her pain was so severe that she had trouble sitting and walking. This patient stood out to me for multiple reasons. The first reasons were due to her young age, and that she had been dealing with this recurrent issue. I felt terrible that she had to experience this, and even worse with the visible and audible pain she was in during I&D. 

The patient had already been given some morphine while waiting for the OBGYN team to see her. When the local analgesic was injected, it still caused the patient so much pain that she was screaming. She had already signed a consent form prior, but during the procedure, she was begging the team from going any further. Her pain control was so difficult that she was given an additional dose of morphine in order for the procedure to continue.

Throughout the encounter, I watched as the second year resident professionally proceeded with the I&D. I admired the way the provider kept her focus, in order to give her patient the best treatment. At the end of the procedure, the patient had felt much better and was so thankful. I was glad to have been present to offer the patient a hand to hold, and to witness the professionalism of the resident and the relief of the patient.

 

Exposure to new techniques or treatment strategies – how did that go?

On my OBGYN rotation, I was surprised to learn all the work that goes in prior to getting ready for delivery. I learned about the usefulness of fetal monitoring tracing, and the need for routine checks on the mother to see if she is having adequate contractions, and if her cervix is properly dilating and effacing. There were different indications to start the induction of labor, as well as multiple techniques that could be used (ie: Pitocin, Cervidil (Dinoprostone), cervical foley balloon). I was particularly surprised to learn about the intra-cervical tools. I found it difficult to watch the insertion of these, as the process was painful for the mothers.

The deliveries, on the other hand, were amazing to be a part of. I have always wanted to witness a live birth. I never would have imagined that I would be so lucky to be on a rotation that would offer me this opportunity. In total, I was able to participate or observe 5 vaginal deliveries, and scrub-in to 3 cesarean sections. The first NSVD was intense. The mother was not pushing well due to fatigue, and the baby’s crown was stuck at the vaginal introitus. The main providers had to take turns trying to expand the outlet for the baby and coach the mother, additional help needed to be called, the mother had to undergo an episiotomy, and multiple birthing maneuvers were utilized. It felt like the whole process took a stressful 15 to 20 minutes, and I remember feeling nervous for the mother and her baby. In the end, the baby was delivered soundly, with a high APGAR score, and did not suffer from shoulder dystocia. 

In the last NSVD I participated in, I was able to draw cord blood and deliver the placenta. After, I helped to clean up the patient and return her to a comfortable position. Even though these actions would not seem big to the seasoned provider, I was thankful for the experience of feeling part of the team. 

In the last cesarean section I scrubbed in for, closing the patient’s tissue layers was difficult. The patient had her small bowel seeping out from above her uterus, where multiple attempts were performed to anesthetize the patient to relax so that the bowels could be put back in place. Additionally, the patient had managed to move her hand during closing, and placed it right on the surgical field. All these incidences made for another interesting memory I would keep from my OBGYN rotation. 

 

What do you want to improve on for the following rotations? What is your action plan to accomplish that?

I realize that I need to improve on my patient history taking. I find myself getting flustered during my interview on the questions I need to ask, and feeling rushed to not take too long before reporting to the overseeing medical provider. My plan for improving this is to mentally prepare before talking with the patient. I would try to think about what are the important questions to ask. If there is no time prior, I will make sure I thoroughly go through the OLD CARTS, and ask any other pertinent questions. It would also be important for me to think of possible differentials, in order for me to formulate good questions to help rule them in or out. I also try to remind myself that a good history can help lead to a diagnosis a majority of the time, so I should not be worried about taking a little extra time than usual.

Another issue that needs improving is when it comes to emergency visits. I am nervous to waste too much time asking nonessential questions that may waste precious time that could be used to immediately address the patient problem at hand. To improve this, I know that I need more practice interviewing patients. By getting more experience, I will start to understand what questions are necessary versus what questions can wait until the patient is stabilized/pain-managed.

 

How your perspective may have changed as a result of this rotation?

Prior to this rotation, I never considered the pain and emotions involved in the OBGYN specialty. As much as there was happiness in the wellness visits of OB patients, and joy in the delivery room when the baby arrives; I also noticed there to be pain, suffering, and grief. An example was when mothers needed the induction of labor with intra-cervical techniques, such as the foley balloon or Cervidil (Dinoprostone). The mothers were often sensitive in that region, and in great discomfort during the insertion process. Another example is during the labor processes, when mothers would be moaning and yelling from their rooms for help to deal with their contraction pain. Delivery itself caused fatigue and pain for the mothers. I watched as a patient received an emergency episiotomy without any anesthesia, for the greater good to quickly and safely deliver her baby; with the subsequent repair after delivery. There was another patient who came in after a spontaneous abortion at home. It was heartbreaking to hear that the pregnancy was considered “threatened” for 2 months prior, due to bleeding, and she believed that it may be due to her age. I could not even imagine her grief, as this pregnancy was wanted. In addition, she had to undergo removal of products of conception from her vaginal vault, which caused her excruciating pain. From all these experiences from this rotation, I have an even greater respect for mothers and their pregnancy struggles, as well as women in general, for the physical and emotional pain they have had or may need to endure.

Rotation 3 – Site Visit Summary

Both of my site evaluations were done over FaceTime due to COVID-19 and our respective schedules. Each visit, I was to present 5 pharm cards, which I found helpful. I reviewed popular medications I saw used on the rotation (ie: Misoprostol, Pitocin, Rhogam, Hydralazine, Norethindrone) to help me better understands the drugs’ MOA, indications, adverse effects, and dosing. I also presented H&Ps on patients I saw on the floor. One was about a young female with a vulvar abscess seen in the ED, and another was about an OB patient with Round Ligament Syndrome seen in triage. In the second evaluation, I also talked about a journal article I found that compared the effectiveness of a cervical foley balloon versus Cervidil (Dinoprostone) for cervical ripening for successful labor induction. These were two methods I saw used on the floor, and it sparked my interest to find out which was more effective. The conclusion, surprisingly, found that they have comparable efficacy!

Rotation 3 – Journal Article

Intracervical Foley Catheter Balloon Versus Dinoprostone Insert for Induction Cervical Ripening: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Lixia Zhu, Cong Zhang, Fang Cao, Qin Liu, Xing Gu, Jianhao Xu, Jianqing Li
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6283136/pdf/medi-97-e13251.pdf

 

On my OBGYN rotation, I have noticed two main tools used for the induction of cervical ripening: foley catheter balloon and Cervidil (Dinoprostone). I was curious about which method is more effective for labor induction. This article is a systematic review and meta-analysis, published in 2018 in Medicine (Baltimore) journal. Their objective was to “perform a meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of the intracervical Foley catheter and the dinoprostone insert for cervical ripening for successful labor induction”. They searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for related articles, with inclusion criteria of primigravida, singleton pregnancy, patients between 37 and 42 weeks, vertex presentation, Bishop score ≤3, intact membranes, use of intracervical foley catheter or Dinoprostone insert, outcome of cesarean delivery rate and induction-to-delivery interval. 8 studies fit the inclusion criteria, with a total of 1191 receiving Foley catheter balloon and 1199 receiving the Dinoprostone insert.

    • 19.5% of patients with Foley catheter balloon vs 21.4% receiving the Dinoprostone insert had received cesarean section. 
    • There was no statistically significant difference in both groups’ induction-to-delivery interval (after a random-effects model was used). Found that moderate balloon volume (30mL) and higher dose of Dinoprostone (>6mg) was related to shorter intervals.
    • 3/8 studies found Dinoprostone insert to be associated with shorter time to delivery, while 4/8 found Foley catheter balloon to be associated with shorter time to delivery. ⅛ found no difference between the two methods.
    • No difference was found in maternal complications (ie: post partum hemorrhage, maternal infection, uterine hyperstimulation) and fetal outcomes (ie: APGAR at 1 and 5 minutes)
    • Concluded that theres comparable efficacy with both methods.